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Sunday, December 4, 2011

Genetics report on the origin of Indians

Rajiv Malhotra
Genetics report on the origin of Indians
Tuesday, May 31, 2011
"The story of our origins"
Open Magazine, May 28, 2011.
EXCERPTS FROM THE CONCLUSION:
"The first thing that the evidence suggests is that the origins of
Hartosh's R1a1 haplogroup lie in India. Thus, a large part of Central

Asia, Southern Russia, Ukraine onwards to the Czech Republic may well

be populated by a 15,000-year-old migration from India. Given the

timeframe of the origins of the R1a1 haplogroup in India, it is

important to note that this does not rule out a subsequent re-entry

of people from Central Asia bearing this marker into India at a much

later date. As further sub-lineages of Hartosh's R1a1 are studied, it

may well be possible to answer even this question.
The second part of their conclusions rests on the fact that the
proportion of R1a1 in some Brahmin groups such as those of West

Bengal is as high as 72 per cent. This indicates that the origins of

Brahmins as a caste may well lie in the R1a1 haplogroup. But since

the antiquity of the Ra1a haplogroup in tribals such as Central

India's Sahariyas is older than it is among Brahmins, it is

reasonable to believe that Brahmins may not be entrants from outside

but may have originated as a caste from the tribal population of this

country."
Another article that discusses this report:
End of forwarded message from Rajiv Malhotra
-----
A previous post:
Forwarded message from S. Kalyanaraman
Genetics delivers another blow to Aryan hoax
Tuesday, May 31, 2011
The story of our origins"
Open Magazine, May 28, 2011.
EXCERPTS FROM THE CONCLUSION:
"The first thing that the evidence suggests is that the origins of
Hartosh's R1a1 haplogroup lie in India. Thus, a large part of Central

Asia, Southern Russia, Ukraine onwards to the Czech Republic may well

be populated by a 15,000-year-old migration from India. Given the

timeframe of the origins of the R1a1 haplogroup in India, it is

important to note that this does not rule out a subsequent re-entry

of people from Central Asia bearing this marker into India at a much

later date. As further sub-lineages of Hartosh's R1a1 are studied, it

may well be possible to answer even this question.
The second part of their conclusions rests on the fact that the
proportion of R1a1 in some Brahmin groups such as those of West

Bengal is as high as 72 per cent. This indicates that the origins of

Brahmins as a caste may well lie in the R1a1 haplogroup. But since

the antiquity of the Ra1a haplogroup in tribals such as Central

India's Sahariyas is older than it is among Brahmins, it is

reasonable to believe that Brahmins may not be entrants from outside

but may have originated as a caste from the tribal population of this

country."
Read on...
28 May 2011
The Story of Our Origins
DNA tests on a cross-section of Indians including John Abraham and
Baichung Bhutia reveal surprising truths about our origins
By Hartosh Singh Bal
Just where did our ancestors come from? Indian diversity has long
been reduced by many historians to a simple story of an invasion of

Aryans pushing Dravidians further south in the Subcontinent. But an

analysis of the genes that Indians bear throws up enough evidence to

rubbish that theory, pointing instead to a far more complex set of

migrations -- and perhaps reverse migrations -- many millennia

earlier than commonly supposed.
To get a clearer picture of our origins, Open sent DNA samples of a
couple of celebrities, John Abraham and Baichung Bhutia, alongwith

those of four magazine staffers to the National Geographic Deep

Ancestry Project. Based on the genetic markers thus identified and

other research conducted by scientists, we present a plausible map of

our origins. Be prepared for some surprises
ooo
'The diversity of India is tremendous; it is obvious; it lies on the
surface and anybody can see it. It concerns itself with certain

mental habits and traits. There is little in common... between the

Pathan of the North-West and the Tamil in the far South. Yet...there

is no mistaking the impress of India on the Pathan, as this is

obvious on the Tamil...The Pathan and the Tamil are two extreme

examples; the others lie somewhere in between...It is fascinating to

find how the Bengalis, the Marathas, the Gujaratis, the Tamils, the

Andhras, the Oriyas, the Assamese, the Canarese, the Malayalis, the

Sindhis, the Punjabis, the Pathans, the Kashmiris, the Rajput, and

the great central block comprising the Hindustani-speaking people,

have retained their peculiar characteristics...'
ooo
Nehru, even in his romanticism, was only stating what every observer
of India has always noticed -- the tremendous diversity of people in

India, not just in terms of customs and culture, but in religion,

caste and appearance. The obvious question has always been: where

does this diversity come from? Take, for example, caste: did the

system evolve in India, or did it originate outside and become part

of the country's social structure? Were our different language

groups, such as Dravidian and Indo-European, brought in by different

sets of migrants? The questions are endless, and the answer to any

one of them lies in the answer to the most basic question of all:

where do we Indians come from? How was the Subcontinent settled?
Attempts have been made to answer these questions with evidence drawn
from fields as varied as linguistics and archaeology. Despite the

inroads that have been made, the question has not even come close to

being answered, and even the partial answers that have been on offer

have been a source of contentious debate. For one, the Aryan Invasion

theory -- suggesting that an invasion of Indo-Europeans displaced the

original Dravidian inhabitants of north India, which found favour at

one time and was later rejected and denounced -- addresses only a

small part of the Subcontinent's diversity as a theory.
But results from an entirely different area of human study suggest
that there may be a satisfactory answer to the question, and it lies

in our genes.
For each of us, our physical characteristics are encoded in the DNA
that we carry within each cell of our body. A study of our DNA (see

'The Science of DNA Testing') allows us to trace our ancestry. In

case of men (and for women by testing their brothers or father), we

can trace our line of paternal descent, our father's father's

father's... father, by studying the Y-chromosome; and in case of both

men and women, we can trace our line of maternal descent, our

mother's mother's mother's... mother, by studying mitochondrial DNA.
This field, now over two decades old, has slowly been refined to the
point where events in our distant ancestry can now be studied. Not

only are the new answers on offer fascinating, there is also the

certainty that with each passing year, they will be refined,

questioned and challenged to the point where we would be able to make

definitive statements about our past. One such project is National

Geographic's Deep Ancestry that is compiling data from across the

world on people who want to determine their distant ancestry.
We sent six samples, four men and two women, of people from various
parts of India to the National Geographic Project (NGP), and, based

on the results we have obtained (see the case studies listed in the

right column), we have attempted to map out a representative history

of what can be said today about the peopling of India. To do so, we

have not only sought elaboration from Ramasamy Pitchappan, principal

investigator, India, of the NGP, we have also spoken to a leading

Indian geneticist, RNK Bamezai, director of the National Centre of

Applied Human Genetics (NCAHG) at Jawaharlal Nehru University and

vice-chancellor of Jammu University.
Of course, having collated all this research material and inputs, the
final responsibility of the interpretations made rests with Open.
ANTIQUITY OF THE INDIAN FEMALE POPULATION
Sometime between 60,000 to 90,000 years ago, humans first moved out
of Africa by crossing the Red Sea. This, in all likelihood, occurred

during a glacial period when the earth was at its coldest, and

falling sea levels would have shrunk the distance between Africa and

Asia at its narrowest to barely 11 km. Crossing into Asia, surviving

on a diet rich in shellfish, these early humans who left Africa

stayed close to the coast as they made their way round to South Asia.
The strongest evidence of this is offered by the study of
mitochondrial DNA, which indicates the maternal line of descent (see

DNA analysis ofSohini Chattopadhyay and Haima Deshpande of Open). All

human beings outside Africa are descended from two female lines,

termed Haplogroup M and N. It is unclear whether the two female

lines evolved while humans were still in Africa or shortly after, but

the available evidence suggests both lines were present in that first

migration from Africa to South Asia.
DISTRIBUTION OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA HAPLOGROUPS IN THE INDIAN
POPULATION:
M -- 60 per cent
N -- 25 per cent
U* -- 15 per cent
*A sub branch of N that is found in larger numbers in the northwest
of the country
The vast majority of the Indian population carries Sohini and Haima's
Haplogroup M, whose antiquity in India dates back at least 60,000

years ago, if not more. Since mitochondrial DNA is passed down in

direct line of maternal descent, this suggests that the female

population of India dates directly back to that first exodus of

humans from Africa.
The N Haplogroup and its sub-haplogroup U are also found in India,
but show up in high frequencies largely in the Northwest. Even these

groups seem to be largely of great antiquity in the Subcontinent.

There seems to have been very little migration of women into the

Subcontinent after the first settlers arrived here. According to

Bamezai, who advises caution in saying anything more than warranted

by the data, this is not so surprising: "The mobility of males was

much more -- raiding parties or for that matter armies on the move

even today are largely male."
THE COMPLICATED STORY OF THE INDIAN MALE POPULATION
The men who are believed to have migrated to India along with women
as part of the first coastal migration from Africa are identified by

the Haplogroup C. This marker is found in less than 5 per cent of the

Indian population today. These migrants seem to have moved further

along the coast, settling in East Asia and Australia.
DISTRIBUTION OF Y-CHROMOSOME (FOUND ONLY IN MEN) DNA HAPLOGROUPS:
H -- 30 per cent
R1a1 -- 20 per cent
R2a -- 15 per cent
L -- 10 per cent
O and related markers -- 10 per cent
Others -- 15 per cent
In rather broad terms, it is possible to make some generalisations. H
is found in greater percentage among the Austro-Asiatic tribal

population, L among the Dravidian language (such as Tamil and Telugu)

speaking non-tribal population, R1a1 among speakers of the Indo-

European languages (such as Hindi, Punjabi and Bengali). But there is

no way on this basis to distinguish any individual from another. An

individual with R1a1 could as well be a tribal as an Indo-European

language speaker. Nor can discrete groupings be identified in any

clear-cut way. The L marker could be found in the north of the

country, and H could show up among some Brahmins.
What we do know for sure is that the earliest large-scale male
settlers in the Subcontinent belong to the line defined by Haplogroup

F and its branch Haplogroup H (see the DNA analysis of John Abraham).

Both these haplogroups are found in significant percentages in the

Indian tribal population, reaching a combined percentage of well over

30. The F Haplogroup dates back to at least 45,000 years in the

Subcontinent. John's H haplogroup, which is not found anywhere else

in the world in any significant proportion and has hence been termed

the 'Indian marker', has an antiquity in the Subcontinent of at least

25,000 years. Interestingly, though, it is found among Europe's

gypsies, indicating their Indian origin.
A related line descended from Haplogroup F, termed Haplogroup L (see
the DNA analysis of Sharad Raghavan), is also found in significant

numbers in South India, especially Tamil Nadu among the non-tribal

population. Again, this is a haplogroup rarely found outside India

and has an antiquity of around 25,000 years.
Two other significant haplogroups found in the Indian population are
R1a1 (see the DNA analysis of Hartosh Singh Bal) and R2a, both found

deep in the line of descent that goes back to Haplogroup F. Their

antiquity in India dates back 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.
Hartosh's R1a1 is found in higher proportions in the north of India
and among upper-castes, reaching a proportion of nearly 50 per cent

in Punjab and over 70 per cent in such caste groups as West Bengal

Brahmins. But it is also found in the South and among the tribal

population, reaching a proportion of well over 25 per cent among the

Chenchu tribals of Andhra. R2a mirrors the distribution of R1a1, but

it has a far more evenly spread across the geography of the

Subcontinent and the hierarchy of castes; in some ways, it is a pan-

Indian marker, a significant marker that has not shown up in the

small sample sent by Open to the NGP.
There are also an assorted number of other markers, such as the D
Haplogroup (see DNA analysis of Baichung Bhutia). This haplogroup is

found in large numbers in East Asia and has likely reached Sikkim

from Tibet. It is also found among some northeastern tribes that bear

Haplogoup O as the other important marker.
MAKING SENSE OF THE MALE LINEAGE
The first male settlers of the Indian Subcontinent would have
accompanied the women, whose descendants still inhabit the

Subcontinent, on the first coastal migration from Africa. They are

identified by the Haplogroup C marker, found in less than 5 per cent

of the Indian population. According to the NGP, the presence of both

John's and Sharad's haplogroups (H and L) in India can be explained

by two separate migrations, one from the Middle East and the other

from Central Asia, both dating back some 25,000 to 30,000 years ago.
The NGP goes on to describe the first encounter between the men from
the original settlement of India with those who arrived later. The

genetic trail, the NGP states, 'provides some tantalizing clues as to

what may have happened when members of the Indian Clan and the

[earlier settled] Coastal Clan met. The [mitochondrial DNA] of people

in this region preserves evidence of the early coastal dwellers in

the female lineage, but Y-chromosome frequency for the Coastal Clan

is very weak -- around 5 per cent in southern India, and even less

frequent going farther north. These data suggest that the descendants

of the Indian Clan may have mated with the women of the earlier

coastal population, but that the coastal men were killed, driven off,

or otherwise prevented from reproducing.'
Pitchappan elaborates, "Probably initial colonies consisting of males
and females settled and expanded. In the later migrations, either the

males were by themselves or they came accompanied by very few

females. Local males could have resisted and could have been

exterminated, while females may have been amalgamated." He adds that

other possibilities are also conceivable, such as matrilineal

societies by which the incoming males could have been amalgamated:

"There is some evidence to suggest that settlements in the Dravidian

belt were female centric." He points to the existence of matriarchal

societies in the South, such as Kerala's Nairs, as the survival of an

older tradition.
But stories such as this are speculative at best. In the Indian
context, they are reminiscent of the possibilities once cited to

describe the entry of Indo-Europeans into India, the so-called Aryan

Invasion theory.
The evidence so far, however, seems to suggest that the presence of
both John's and Sharad's haplogroups in India could be well explained

by an earlier arrival of the super-ancestral F haplogroup in India.

In fact, it is quite likely that either the F haplogroup arrived as

part of the coastal migration along with the C haplogroup, to which

it is very closely related, or it evolved here in males who were part

of the earlier migration. If so, it would make sense that the

antiquity of a great majority of the Indian male population also goes

back to the out-of-Africa coastal migration.
In fact, much of the genetic evidence seems to suggest a South Asian
origin for the F haplogroup. This haplogroup and its lines of descent

account for perhaps 90 per cent of the male population in the world.

Contrary to received wisdom, this would imply that much of the globe

outside Africa was settled by outward migrations from South Asia

dating back to over 50,000 years ago. Certainly, the distant origins

of the modern European population seem to lie in South Asia,

emphasising the crucial importance of this region in understanding

the peopling of the globe.
But beyond such speculation, which will be settled as more and more
data is gathered by projects such as the NGP, the one thing that can

be said with a degree of certainty is that the antiquity of both the

L and H haplogroups in India suggests that a majority of the Indian

male population can trace its presence in the Subcontinent back at

least 20,000 years if not earlier.
THE MYTH OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN MARKER
This brings us to perhaps the most contentious of markers, Hartosh's
R1a1. The NGP states: 'Some linguists believe that the Kurgans,

nomadic horsemen roaming the steppes of southern Russia and the

Ukraine, were the first to speak and spread a Proto-Indo-European

language, some 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. Genetic data and the

distribution of Indo-European speakers suggest the Kurgans ... may

have been descendents of M17 (the genetic marker that identifies the

R1a1 haplogroup). Today a large concentration -- around 40 per cent -

- of the men living from the Czech Republic across the steppes to

Siberia, and south throughout Central Asia are descendants of this

clan. In India, around 35 per cent of the men in Hindi-speaking

populations carry the M17 marker, whereas the frequency in

neighboring communities of Dravidian speakers is only about ten

percent. This distribution adds weight to linguistic and

archaeological evidence suggesting that a large migration from the

Asian steppes into India occurred within the last 10,000 years.'
This NGP claim goes far beyond what the genetic data warrants. Says
Bamezai, after looking through the NGP results published in this

article, "For me as a scientist, it is necessary to be very

conservative in my claims. Any broad conclusions require much more

work and detailed study of not just haplogroups, but sub-haplogroups.

I think the migration paths described in these cases are in question.

I feel R1a1 originated here and contributed to Central Asia rather

than the other way around."
A key 2009 paper published in the Journal of Human Genetics by
Bamezai and his colleagues at JNU argues this point further: 'Many

major rival models of the origin of the Hindu caste system co-exist

despite extensive studies, each with associated genetic evidences.

One of the major factors that has still kept the origin of the Indian

caste system obscure is the unresolved question of the origin of Y-

haplogroup R1a1, at times associated with a male-mediated major

genetic influx from Central Asia or Eurasia, which has contributed to

the higher castes in India. Y-haplogroup R1a1 has a widespread

distribution and high frequency across Eurasia, Central Asia and the

Indian subcontinent... To resolve these issues, we screened 621 Y-

chromosomes (of Brahmins occupying the upper-most caste position and

schedule castes/tribals occupying the lower-most positions)... for

conclusions. A peculiar observation of the highest frequency (up to

72.22%) of Y-haplogroup R1a1 in Brahmins hinted at its presence as a

founder lineage for this caste group. Further, observation of R1a1 in

different tribal population groups, existence of Y-haplogroup R1a in

ancestors, and extended phylogenetic analyses of the pooled dataset

of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central Asians and Eurasians

bearing the R1a1 haplogroup supported the autochthonous [indigenous]

origin of R1a1 lineage in India and a tribal link to Indian

Brahmins.'
The conclusions bear restatement. The first thing that the evidence
suggests is that the origins of Hartosh's R1a1 haplogroup lie in

India. Thus, a large part of Central Asia, Southern Russia, Ukraine

onwards to the Czech Republic may well be populated by a 15,000-year-

old migration from India. Given the timeframe of the origins of the

R1a1 haplogroup in India, it is important to note that this does not

rule out a subsequent re-entry of people from Central Asia bearing

this marker into India at a much later date. As further sub-lineages

of Hartosh's R1a1 are studied, it may well be possible to answer even

this question.
The second part of their conclusions rests on the fact that the
proportion of R1a1 in some Brahmin groups such as those of West

Bengal is as high as 72 per cent. This indicates that the origins of

Brahmins as a caste may well lie in the R1a1 haplogroup. But since

the antiquity of the Ra1a haplogroup in tribals such as Central

India's Sahariyas is older than it is among Brahmins, it is

reasonable to believe that Brahmins may not be entrants from outside

but may have originated as a caste from the tribal population of this

country.
It is a strong claim, one that hints at possible discoveries that may
lie ahead as the genetics of the Indian population is studied in

greater detail. The one conclusion, though, that is unlikely to

change is the one Bamezai emphasises over and over: "Groups we seem

to see as distinct have overlapping genetic signatures. In fact, two

castes that may have great hostility towards each other may carry the

same signatures. Caste, tribe and religion in India do not have any

genetic basis." Trite as it may sound, the conclusion is inescapable,

there is unity in this diversity.
Genetics delivers another blow to Aryan hoax
May 29, 2011
In History
Genetics exposes yet again, what has been known for some time now.
That the Aryan invasion/migration theory[1] is a consummate

mendacity. In the past, an article was published in this blog which

emphatically proved[2] that modern genetics goes against the colonial

concoction of the Aryan invasion theory and its later euphemistic

version the Aryan migration theory[3]. Recently, Open Magazine

carried a series of articles exploring the genetic origins of

Indians[4][5][6][7][8][9][10], where results and inferences presented

refute the Aryan invasion/migration hoax.
To get a clearer picture of our origins, Open sent DNA samples of a
couple of celebrities, John Abraham and Baichung Bhutia, alongwith

those of four magazine staffers to the National Geographic Deep

Ancestry Project. Based on the genetic markers thus identified and

other research conducted by scientists, we present a plausible map of

our origins.
To interprete and present their results they collaborated with
Ramasamy Pitchappan, principal investigator, India, of the National

Geographic Project (NGP), and a leading Indian geneticist, RNK

Bamezai, director of the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics

(NCAHG) at Jawaharlal Nehru University and vice-chancellor of Jammu

University.
Excerpts from the results are provided here. Emphasis added.
In fact, much of the genetic evidence seems to suggest a South Asian
origin for the F haplogroup. This haplogroup and its lines of descent

account for perhaps 90 per cent of the male population in the world.

Contrary to received wisdom, this would imply thatmuch of the globe

outside Africa was settled by outward migrations from South Asia

dating back to over 50,000 years ago. Certainly, the distant origins

of the modern European population seem to lie in South Asia,

emphasising the crucial importance of this region in understanding

the peopling of the globe.
..the antiquity of both the L and H haplogroups in India suggests
that a majority of the Indian male population can trace its presence

in the Subcontinent back at least 20,000 years if not earlier.
Geneticist Bamezai says,
..I feel R1a1 originated here and contributed to Central Asia rather
than the other way around.
A research paper published by Bamezai, et. al in the Journal of Human
Genetics in 2009, further says,
Many major rival models of the origin of the Hindu caste system co-
exist despite extensive studies, each with associated genetic

evidences. One of the major factors that has still kept the origin of

the Indian caste system obscure is the unresolved question of the

origin of Y-haplogroup R1a1, at times associated with a male-mediated

major genetic influx from Central Asia or Eurasia, which has

contributed to the higher castes in India. Y-haplogroup R1a1 has a

widespread distribution and high frequency across Eurasia, Central

Asia and the Indian subcontinent... To resolve these issues, we

screened 621 Y-chromosomes (of Brahmins occupying the upper-most

caste position and schedule castes/tribals occupying the lower-most

positions)... for conclusions. A peculiar observation of the highest

frequency (up to 72.22%) of Y-haplogroup R1a1 in Brahmins hinted at

its presence as a founder lineage for this caste group. Further,

observation of R1a1 in different tribal population groups, existence

of Y-haplogroup R1a in ancestors, and extended phylogenetic analyses

of the pooled dataset of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central

Asians and Eurasians bearing the R1a1 haplogroup supported the

autochthonous [indigenous] origin of R1a1 lineage in India and a

tribal link to Indian Brahmins.
Interestingly, Bamazai, et. al. 2009 agrees with the authors of
Reich, et. al. 2009[11][12] who have said that as per genetic

studies, castes grew directly out of tribe-like organizations during

the formation of the Indian society. Reich at. al 2009 further says

that current Indian society is an admixture of groups of human

settlement in the Indian sub-continent which can be traced back from

65,000 to 40,000 years.
The Open Magazine genetics tests results further state,
..the evidence suggests is that the origins of Hartosh's R1a1
haplogroup lie in India. Thus, a large part of Central Asia, Southern

Russia, Ukraine onwards to the Czech Republic may well be populated

by a 15,000-year-old migration from India.
..the proportion of R1a1 in some Brahmin groups such as those of
West Bengal is as high as 72 per cent. This indicates that the

origins of Brahmins as a caste may well lie in the R1a1 haplogroup.

But since the antiquity of the Ra1a haplogroup in tribals such as

Central India's Sahariyas is older than it is among Brahmins, it is

reasonable to believe that Brahmins may not be entrants from outside

but may have originated as a caste from the tribal population of this

country.
The results of the Haplogroup R1A1 tests[13] and the analysis of
geneticists further reinforce the completely autochthonous origin and

antiquity of the Indian population.
The diversity and antiquity of Haplogroup R1a1 in India suggests its
origins lie in South Asia. The haplogroup has been found in

substantial numbers among some tribes such as the Sahariyas of

Central India and the Chenchus of Andhra where its age seems to be

well over 15,000 years. This allows for just one possibility, a

migration out of India to Southern Russia onward to the Czech

Republic and even Scandinavia.
In summary, the crux of the resuts and analysis points to
the origins of Indian (South Asian) population being autochthonous,
i.e., in India (South Asia)
the antiquity of Indian (South Asian) population going back to around
50,000 years
India (South Asia) being the origin of most of the current non-
African population of the world
migration of population from India (South Asia) to Central Asia,
Southern Russia, etc.
These results are in agreement with the prevalent genetics research
and inferences of geneticists previously presented in this blog[14].

In the face of incontrovertible archeological evidence contrary to

any Aryan invasion, many "scholars" have moved to a euphemistic Aryan

migration theory. In fact some even propound a ridiculous Aryan

trickle-in theory. However, as genetics research of the last few

years have shown, the only migration that could have occurred is a

migration out of India (South Asia).
With genetics research only getting better and more cutting age, it
is only a matter of time before the Aryan hoax is consigned to the

funereal pyre of mendacious tripe. So far, the Aryan hoax has been

kept alive only through the efforts of the Marxist history engineers

of India and their Eurocentric associates in the west. The Indian

Marxist history engineers have colored textbooks with their

ideological biases to propound the Aryan hoax for decades. Even

though there exists no archeological evidence for any invasion or

migration of so-called Aryans into India (South Asia). With genetics

research vindicating this truth, one hopes, sooner rather than later,

textbooks will be cleansed of Marxist ideological tripe and Indian

history is freed from the clutches of the great Aryan hoax.
End Notes
[1] (tattvaanveShaNam. "The Great Aryan Hoax". June 15, 2010)
[2] using results of genetics research and inferences, observations
of geneticists.
[3] (tattvaanveShaNam. "The Great Aryan Hoax: Exposed by Genetics".
June 15, 2010)
[4] (Bal. The Story of Our Origins. May 28, 2011)
[5] ("The Science of DNA Testing". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[6] ("Haplogroup M". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[7] ("Haplogroup H". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[8] ("Haplogroup L". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[9] ("Haplogroup R1A1". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[10] ("Haplogroup D". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[11] (Reich et al. Print. 2009)
[12] (Times News Network. Aryan-Dravidian divide a myth: Study. Sep
25, 2009)
[13] ("Haplogroup R1A1". Open Magazine. May 28, 2011)
[14] (tattvaanveShaNam. "The Great Aryan Hoax: Exposed by Genetics".
June 15, 2010)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bal, Hartosh Singh. May 28, 2011. "The Story of Our Origins." Open
Magazine.
(Accessed May 29, 2011).
"Haplogroup D." May 28, 2011. Open Magazine.
(Accessed May 29, 2011).
"Haplogroup H." May 28, 2011. Open Magazine.
(Accessed May 29, 2011).
"Haplogroup L." May 28, 2011. Open Magazine.
(Accessed May 29, 2011).
"Haplogroup M." May 28, 2011. Open Magazine.
(Accessed May 29, 2011).
"Haplogroup R1A1." May 28, 2011. Open Magazine.
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